A Fixed-base operator or commonly abbreviated FBO is a term developed in the United States after the passage of the Air Commerce Act of 1926. The Federal Aviation Administration defines an FBO as A commercial business granted the right by the airport sponsor to operate on an airport and provide aeronautical services such as fueling, hangaring, tie-down and parking, aircraft rental, aircraft maintenance, flight instruction, etc..[1] In common practice, an FBO is a primary provider of support services to general aviation operators at a public-use airport either located on airport leasehold property or, in rare cases, adjacent to airport leasehold property as a through the fence operation.[2] In many smaller airports serving general aviation in remote or modest communities, the town itself may provide fuel services and operate a basic FBO facility. Most FBO operators doing business at airports of high to moderate traffic volume are non-governmental organizations, i.e. either privately or publicly held companies.
Though the term Fixed-base Operator originated in the United States, the term is becoming more common in the International aviation industry as business and corporate aviation grows. The term has not been officially defined as an international standard, there have been recent uses of the term in International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) publications such as Implementing the Global Aviation Safety Roadmap[3]
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After the end of World War I in November 1918, civil aviation in the United States was primarily unregulated and was primarily made up of "Barnstormers" or transient pilots operating inexpensive military surplus aircraft from city-to-city, often landing in farm fields on the outskirts of a town as airports were scarce at that time. These traveling aviators offered airplane rides, aerobatic flight demonstrations, and frequently collaborated as "Flying Circuses" and performed impromptu airshows for the townsfolk, charging whatever the local economic conditions would allow. As a result, mechanics and early flight instructors moved around with the aircraft and had no established business in any one location.
With passage of the Air Commerce Act of 1926 and its resulting requirements in the licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance requirements, and regulations in training standards, the transient nature of civil aviation was curtailed. The pilots and mechanics who made their living on the road, began establishing permanent businesses, termed Fixed-Base Operations at the growing number of airports appearing throughout the United States as a way to distinguish permanent businesses from the transient businesses common prior to 1926.[4]
Fixed-base operators support a wide range of aeronautical activities which may include one or more of the following:
Though not required, Fixed-Base Operators generally also provide at least basic auxiliary services to pilots, flight crew and passengers such as: restroom facilities, communication access (telephone, Internet access, fax), and waiting areas. Larger and better equipped Fixed-base Operators may additionally offer food vending/restaurant facilities, ground transportation arrangement (car lending, taxi/limousine, shuttle van, on-site car rental), flight planning and weather information areas (computer or telephone based), pilot/crew rest lounges & showers, aviation supplies shop (selling navigation charts, manuals, or in-flight comfort items), access to in-flight catering, and accommodations reservations / concierge services for both crew and passengers through a Customer Services Representative (CSR).
Within the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulates some activities that may comprise an FBO such as the authorization or Repair Stations, Flight Training, and Air Taxi/Air Carrier Services, but the overarching term "FBO" has no regulatory standards through the Federal Government. The United States Department of Transportation in cooperation with the Federal Aviation Administration has the duty of establishing Minimum Standards for Commercial Aeronautical Activities and recommends implementation of these standards by the airport operator or agency (commonly referred to as the airport sponsor. [5] The United States FBO Industry is represented nationally by the National Air Transportation Association or NATA, but is also partly represented by both the National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) and the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA).
The number of U.S. businesses meeting the minimum criteria as an FBO is 3,138 as of April 2009 according to a survey conducted by Aviation Resource Group International (ARGI). The number is down from 3,346 as stated in the 2006 survey[6]
At medium and large-sized airports, FBOs are typically affiliated with one of the major aviation fuel suppliers and display the fuel supplier's sign prominently. At smaller airports, the FBO is often the airport operator or a flying club.
FBOs are taking some time to grow in the Asian continent, but they have appeared most notably in Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur & Shanghai. This is mainly due to the immaturity of the private & corporate aviation sector in Asia where there still exist very few of these aircraft when compared to USA & Europe. However several companies do offer "FBO Services" at airports throughout the region, making use of existing facilities, the main point being the provision of credit for overseas operators.